Research Library — Clinical Evidence Base

Fascial Science & Hyaluronan Biology 7 papers

The cellular and molecular basis of how fascia functions — and how it breaks down. These papers underpin the densification model and the rationale for Fascial Manipulation.

PubMed Pavan PG, Stecco A, Stern R, Stecco C (2014). Painful connections: densification versus fibrosis of fascia. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 18(8), 441.
PubMed Stecco C, Fede C, Macchi V et al. (2018). The fasciacytes: a new cell devoted to fascial gliding regulation. Clinical Anatomy, 31(5), 667–676.
PubMed Stecco C et al. (2019). Fascial entrapment neuropathy. Clinical Anatomy, 32(7), 883–890.
PubMed Stecco C, Stern R, Porzionato A et al. (2011). Hyaluronan within fascia in the etiology of myofascial pain. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 33(10), 891–896.
PubMed Pratt RL (2021). Hyaluronan and the fascial frontier. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(13), 6845.
PubMed Stecco A, Pirri C, Corradin M et al. (2022). Hyaluronan aggregation as a pathological mechanism across multiple organ systems. Bioengineering, 9(8), 338.
PubMed Fede C, Pirri C, Fan C et al. (2021). Cellular and molecular composition of the deep/muscular fasciae. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(3), 1411.

Myofascial Force Transmission & Slings 10 papers

In-vivo and cadaveric evidence that fascia transmits force across joints and body regions — the anatomical basis of myofascial slings and why the site of pain is rarely the source.

PubMed Wilke J et al. (2018). Fascia is not just an epimysium — evidence for myofascial force transmission across the body. Journal of Applied Physiology, 124(1), 234–244.
PubMed Wilke J et al. (2020). Ankle motion provokes soft-tissue displacement in the dorsal thigh — in-vivo myofascial force transmission. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 668.
PubMed Marinho SMG et al. (2017). Myofascial force transmission in the lower limb — in-vivo experiment. Journal of Biomechanics, 50, 134–138.
PubMed van Wingerden JP, Vleeming A et al. (1993). The role of the biceps femoris in sacrotuberous ligament tension — deep longitudinal sling. European Spine Journal, 2(3), 140–144.
PubMed Carvalhais VOC et al. (2013). Myofascial force transmission between the latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus. Journal of Biomechanics, 46(5), 1003–1007.
PubMed Figueiredo Caldeira N, Schleip R, Ocarino JM et al. (2024). Posterior oblique sling force transmission in runners vs sedentary adults. Journal of Biomechanics, 176, 112320.
PubMed Aldabe D, Hammer N, Woodley SJ et al. (2019). Sacrotuberous ligament morphology and function — systematic review. Clinical Anatomy, 32(3), 396–407.
PubMed Kim M, Yang HM, Yeo IS (2023). Histomorphological study of the sacrotuberous ligament–biceps femoris continuum. Clinical Anatomy, 36(7), 1009–1016.
PubMed Zügel M, Maganaris C, Wilke J et al. (2018). Fascial tissue research in sports medicine — 2nd International CONNECT Consensus Statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(23), 1497.
PubMed Ajimsha MS, Shenoy PD, Al-Mudahka NR et al. (2022). Systematic review of in-vivo myofascial force transfer evidence in humans. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 32, 110–121.

Fascial Manipulation — Clinical Research 6 papers

RCTs, systematic reviews, and imaging studies evaluating the Stecco Fascial Manipulation method directly.

PubMed Arumugam A et al. (2021). Systematic review of fascial manipulation effectiveness for musculoskeletal pain and disability. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 28, 307–317.
PubMed Menon RG, Oswald SF, Raghavan P, Regatte RR, Stecco A (2020). T1ρ-mapping for musculoskeletal pain diagnosis: quantification of fascial water-bound glycosaminoglycans before and after Fascial Manipulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 708.
PubMed Day JA, Stecco C, Stecco A (2009). Application of Fascial Manipulation technique in chronic shoulder pain — pilot study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 13(2), 128–135.
PubMed Poojari S, Kamani NC, Prabu Raja G. Fascial Manipulation applied to the upper quarter region for chronic shoulder pain — pretest-posttest study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.
PubMed Stecco A, Bonaldi L, Fontanella CG, Stecco C, Pirri C (2023). Mechanical stress, hyaluronan fragmentation, and the inflammatory cascade. Life, 13(12), 2277.
PubMed Guarda-Nardini L, Stecco A, Stecco C, Masiero S, Manfredini D (2012). Fascial Manipulation versus botulinum toxin injections for myofascial jaw pain — RCT. CRANIO, 30(2), 95–102.

Spinal Manipulation & Neurophysiology 14 papers

The neurophysiological mechanisms of joint manipulation — from spindle afferent discharge to supraspinal pain modulation — and arthrogenic muscle inhibition across multiple joints.

PubMed Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Price DD, Robinson ME, George SZ (2009). The mechanisms of manual therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain: a comprehensive model. Manual Therapy, 14(5), 531–538.
PubMed Pickar JG (2002). Neurophysiological effects of spinal manipulation. The Spine Journal, 2(5), 357–371.
PubMed Clark BC, Goss DA Jr, Walkowski S, Hoffman RL, Ross A, Thomas JS (2011). Neurophysiologic effects of spinal manipulation in patients with chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 12, 170.
PubMed Lima CR, Sozio RS, Law AC et al. (2021). Paraspinal muscle spindle responses to a high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative stimulus — comparison of thrust magnitudes and durations. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 44(5), 363–371.
PubMed Millan M, Leboeuf-Yde C, Budgell B, Amorim MA (2012). The effect of spinal manipulative therapy on experimentally induced pain — systematic review. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 20, 26.
PubMed Bond BM, Kinslow CD, Yoder AW, Liu W (2020). Effect of spinal manipulative therapy on mechanical pain sensitivity in chronic non-specific low back pain — pilot RCT. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 28(1), 15–27.
PubMed Younes M, Nowakowski K, Didier-Laurent B, Gombert M, Cottin F (2017). Effect of spinal manipulative treatment on cardiovascular autonomic control in acute low back pain — RCT. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 25, 33.
PubMed Alanazi MS, Degenhardt B, Kelley-Franklin G et al. (2025). Neuromuscular effects of high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation — narrative overview of 136 studies. Medicina, 61, 187.
PubMed Vining R, Onifer SM, Twist E et al. (2022). Chiropractic care and thoracolumbar fascia shear strain — feasibility and pilot study. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 30, 34.
PubMed Rice DA, McNair PJ (2010). Quadriceps arthrogenic muscle inhibition — neural mechanisms and treatment perspectives. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40(3), 250–266.
PubMed Rice DA, McNair PJ, Lewis GN, Dalbeth N (2014). Quadriceps arthrogenic muscle inhibition — effects of experimental knee joint effusion on motor cortex excitability. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 16(6), 502.
PubMed Freeman S, Mascia A, McGill S (2013). Arthrogenic neuromusculature inhibition — foundational investigation in the hip joint. Clinical Biomechanics, 28(2), 171–177.
PubMed Stackhouse SK, Eisennagel A, Eisennagel J et al. (2013). Experimental pain inhibits infraspinatus activation during isometric external rotation. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 22(4), 478–484.
PubMed McVey ED, Palmieri RM, Docherty CL, Zinder SM, Ingersoll CD (2005). Arthrogenic muscle inhibition in the leg muscles of subjects with functional ankle instability. Foot & Ankle International, 26(12), 1055–1061.

Breathing & the Nervous System 13 papers

Research on respiratory mechanics, the diaphragm's role in postural and pain systems, the physiology of CO₂, and how breathing rhythm coordinates brain function.

PubMed Kocjan J, Adamek M, Gzik-Zroska B, Czyżewski D, Rydel M (2017). Network of dependencies between the diaphragm and other body systems. Advances in Respiratory Medicine, 85(5), 278–289.
PubMed Han J, Park S, Kim Y, Choi Y, Lyu H (2016). Forward head posture and reduced pulmonary function — cross-sectional study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(6), 1785–1788.
PubMed Koseki T, Sudo T, Hayashi S (2019). Effect of forward head posture on thoracic shape and respiratory function. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 31(1), 63–68.
PubMed Tatsios PI, Grammatopoulou E, Dimitriadis Z, Koumantakis GA (2025). Cervical spine manual therapy plus diaphragm training for chronic neck pain — RCT. Healthcare, 13(7), 773.
PubMed Babina R, Modi PK, Abhijit G (2016). Diaphragmatic breathing combined with back care exercises for chronic low back pain — RCT. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 29(4), 849–854.
PubMed Finta R, Nagy E, Bender T (2018). Diaphragm training for chronic low back pain — RCT. Journal of Pain Research, 11, 3071–3082.
PubMed Gilbert C (1999). Hyperventilation and the body — clinical review. Accident and Emergency Nursing, 7(4), 227–237.
PubMed Ritz T, Meuret AE, Bhaskara L, Petersen S (2013). Respiratory muscle tension and anxiety sensitivity — hyperventilation in high-anxious individuals. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75(2), 187–197.
PubMed Russo MA, Santarelli DM, O'Rourke D (2017). The physiological effects of slow breathing in healthy humans. Breathe, 13(4), 298–309.
PubMed Gerritsen RJS, Band GPH (2018). Breath of life — vagal nerve stimulation via slow breathing in contemplative practices. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 397.
PubMed Perl O, Roth Y, Shabi M et al. (2019). Human non-olfactory cognition phase-locked with inhalation. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(5), 501–512.
PubMed Dreha-Kulaczewski S, Joseph AA, Merboldt K-D et al. (2015). Inspiration is the major regulator of human CSF flow. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(6), 2485–2491.
PubMed Tort ABL, Laplagne DA, Draguhn A, Gonzalez J (2025). Breathing coordinates brain rhythms across species and scales — comprehensive review. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 26(5), 333–353.

Neck, Headache & Dizziness 14 papers

Anatomical, neurophysiological, and clinical evidence linking the cervical spine to headache, dizziness, and cranial symptoms — and research supporting manual and exercise approaches.

PubMed Hack GD, Koritzer RT, Robinson WL, Hallgren RC, Greenman PE (1995). Anatomical relation between the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane — myodural bridge. Spine, 20(23), 2484–2486.
PubMed Natale G, Condino S, Stecco A et al. (2015). Fascial layers of the neck — cadaveric classification. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 37(9), 1071–1085.
PubMed Chaibi A, Russell MB (2012). Manual therapies for cervicogenic headache — systematic review. Journal of Headache and Pain, 13(5), 351–359.
PubMed Racicki S, Gerwin S, DiClaudio S, Reinmann S, Donaldson M (2013). Conservative physical therapy management for cervicogenic headache — systematic review. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 21(2), 113–124.
PubMed Jull G, Trott P, Potter H et al. (2002). A randomised controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine, 27(17), 1835–1843.
PubMed Jull GA, Falla D, Vicenzino B, Hodges PW (2009). The effect of therapeutic exercise on activation of the deep cervical flexor muscles — RCT. Manual Therapy, 14(5), 519–530.
PubMed Young IA, Michener LA, Cleland JA et al. (2009). Manual therapy, exercise, and traction for cervical radiculopathy — RCT. Physical Therapy, 89(7), 632–642.
PubMed Blanpied PR, Gross AR, Elliott JM et al. (2017). Neck Pain: Revision 2017 — Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 47(7), A1–A83.
PubMed Espí-López GV, Gómez-Conesa A, Arnal Gómez A et al. (2014). Treatment of tension-type headache with manual therapy — double-blind RCT. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 18(3), 403–411.
PubMed Repiso-Guardeño A, Moreno-Morales N, Armenta-Pendón MA et al. (2023). Physical therapy interventions for tension-type headache — systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2008.
PubMed Pensri C, Liang Z, Treleaven J, Jull G, Thomas L (2025). Cervical musculoskeletal impairments in migraine and tension-type headache — SR/meta-analysis of 77 studies. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 75, 103220.
PubMed Rist PM, Hernandez A, Bernstein C et al. (2019). Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for migraine — systematic review and meta-analysis. Headache, 59(4), 532–542.
PubMed Trager RJ, Daniels CJ, Hawk C et al. (2026). Chiropractic clinical practice guideline for cervicogenic headache and tension-type headache. Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 32(1), 14–26.
PubMed Amons AL, Castien RF, De Hertogh W et al. (2026). Manual therapy as prophylactic treatment for migraine with concurrent neck pain — RCT. Archives of Physiotherapy, 16, 7.

Low Back & Lumbar Spine 12 papers

Foundational research on the thoracolumbar fascia, disc biology, facet and sacroiliac joint pain, and the evidence base for exercise and manual therapy in low back pain.

PubMed Willard FH, Vleeming A, Schuenke MD, Danneels L, Schleip R (2012). The thoracolumbar fascia — anatomy, function and clinical considerations. Journal of Anatomy, 221(6), 507–536.
PubMed Barker PJ, Briggs CA, Bogeski G (2004). Tensile transmission across the lumbar fasciae in unembalmed cadavers. Spine, 29(2), 129–138.
PubMed Barker PJ, Briggs CA (1999). Attachments of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. Spine, 24(17), 1757–1764.
PubMed Vleeming A, Pool-Goudzwaard AL, Stoeckart R et al. (1995). The role of the sacrotuberous ligament in force closure of the sacroiliac joint. Spine, 20(18), 2035–2045.
PubMed Vleeming A, Volkers AC, Snijders CJ, Stoeckart R (1989). Relation between form and function in the sacroiliac joint. Spine, 14(2), 161–163.
PubMed Hodges PW, Richardson CA (1996). Inefficient muscular stabilisation of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain — transversus abdominis timing. Spine, 21(22), 2640–2650.
PubMed Brinjikji W, Luetmer PH, Comstock B et al. (2015). Systematic literature review of imaging features of spinal degeneration in asymptomatic populations. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology, 36(4), 811–816.
PubMed Zhong M, Liu JT, Jiang H et al. (2017). Incidence of spontaneous resorption of lumbar disc herniation — systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Physician, 20(1), E45–E52.
PubMed Zeng Z, Qin J, Guo L, Yuan W, Liu H (2024). Predictive factors for spontaneous resorption of lumbar disc herniation. Spine Surgery and Related Research, 8(4), 369–377.
PubMed Cohen SP, Raja SN (2007). Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain. Anesthesiology, 106(3), 591–614.
PubMed Sembrano JN, Polly DW (2009). How often is low back pain not coming from the back? Sacroiliac joint pain prevalence. Spine, 34(1), E27–E32.
PubMed Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Koes BW (2005). Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain — Cochrane systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2005(3), CD000335.

Shoulder 10 papers

Research on rotator cuff tendinopathy, subacromial bursa biology, impingement, biceps pathology, and the kinetic chain contribution to shoulder pain.

PubMed Lewis JS (2009). Rotator cuff tendinopathy — a continuum model. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(4), 236–241.
PubMed Desmeules F, Roy JS, Lafrance S et al. (2025). Rotator cuff tendinopathy — clinical practice guideline. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 55(4), CPG1–CPG56.
PubMed Kennedy MS, Nicholson HD, Woodley SJ (2017). Clinical anatomy of the subacromial and related shoulder bursae. Clinical Anatomy, 30(2), 213–226.
PubMed Klatte-Schulz F, Thiele K, Scheibel M et al. (2022). Subacromial bursa as a mesenchymal stem cell niche. Cells, 11(3), 424.
PubMed Streit JJ, Shishani Y, Rodgers M, Gobezie R (2015). Histopathology of the long head of biceps tendon — tendinosis predominates. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 6, 75–80.
PubMed Hanchard NCA, Lenza M, Handoll HHG, Takwoingi Y (2013). Physical tests for shoulder impingement and local lesions — Cochrane systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(9).
PubMed Chu SK, Press JM (2016). Kinetic chain exercises for shoulder and elbow in throwing athletes. PM&R, 8(3 Suppl), S68–S79.
PubMed Marshall BP, Ashinsky BG, Ferrer XE et al. (2024). Subacromial bursa modulates tendon healing after rotator cuff repair. Science Translational Medicine, 16(745).
PubMed Klatte-Schulz F, Bormann N, Bonell A et al. (2024). Pro-resolving mediators in subacromial bursa tissue in rotator cuff disease. Cells, 13(3), 238.
PubMed Yuksel E, Yesilyaprak SS (2024). Scapular stabilisation exercises for subacromial pain syndrome and scapular dyskinesis — RCT. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 38, 89–96.

Elbow, Wrist & Hand 12 papers

Landmark RCTs and clinical practice guidelines for lateral epicondylalgia, cubital tunnel syndrome, carpal tunnel, de Quervain's, thumb CMC osteoarthritis, and trigger finger.

PubMed Bisset L, Beller E, Jull G, Brooks P, Darnell R, Vicenzino B (2006). Physiotherapy vs corticosteroid injection for tennis elbow — landmark Australian RCT with 12-month follow-up. BMJ, 333(7575), 939.
PubMed Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B (2009). A new integrative model of lateral epicondylalgia — local tendon, central sensitisation, and motor impairment. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(4), 252–258.
PubMed Lucado AM, Day JM, Vincent JI et al. (2022). Lateral elbow pain and muscle function impairments — clinical practice guidelines. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 52(12), CPG1–CPG111.
PubMed Hoogvliet P, Randsdorp MS, Dingemanse R, Koes BW, Huisstede BMA (2013). Exercise therapy and mobilisation for lateral and medial epicondylitis — systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(17), 1112–1119.
PubMed Konarski W, Poboży T, Poboży K et al. (2023). Medial epicondylitis — clinical overview and conservative management. Orthopedic Reviews, 15.
PubMed Wolny T, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Buczek T et al. (2022). Physiotherapy for cubital tunnel syndrome — systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(6), 1698.
PubMed Anderson D, Woods B, Abubakar T et al. (2022). Cubital tunnel syndrome — comprehensive review. Orthopedic Reviews, 14.
PubMed Erickson M, Lawrence M, Stegink Jansen CW et al. (2019). Carpal tunnel syndrome — clinical practice guidelines. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 49(5), CPG1–CPG85.
PubMed Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Cleland J, Palacios-Ceña M et al. (2017). Manual therapy versus surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome — RCT with 1-year follow-up. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 47(3), 151–161.
PubMed Challoumas D, Ramasubbu R, Rooney E et al. (2023). Treatment of de Quervain tenosynovitis — systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 6(1), e2247833.
PubMed Villafañe JH, Cleland JA, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C (2013). The effectiveness of a multimodal manual therapy program for thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis — RCT. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 43(4), 204–213.
PubMed Karanasios S, Mertyri D, Karydis F, Gioftsos G (2024). Exercise-based interventions for thumb CMC osteoarthritis — systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare, 12(6), 660.

Hip 6 papers

Research on gluteal tendinopathy, femoroacetabular impingement, proximal hamstring tendinopathy, and the deep gluteal space — including the landmark LEAP trial.

PubMed Mellor R, Bennell K, Grimaldi A et al. (2018). LEAP trial — education and exercise versus corticosteroid injection for gluteal tendinopathy — RCT. BMJ, 361, k1662.
PubMed Grimaldi A, Fearon A (2015). Gluteal tendinopathy — compression as the primary pathomechanism. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 45(11), 816–828.
PubMed Griffin DR, Dickenson EJ, O'Donnell J et al. (2016). The Warwick Agreement on femoroacetabular impingement syndrome — international multidisciplinary consensus statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(19), 1169–1176.
PubMed Rich A, Cook J, Hahne A, Ford J (2025). A structured 5-stage physiotherapy protocol for proximal hamstring tendinopathy. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 20(2), 301–315.
PubMed Park MS et al. (2020). Deep gluteal syndrome as a cause of posterior hip pain and sciatica-like symptoms. The Bone & Joint Journal, 102-B(5), 556–567.
PubMed Vleeming A, Schuenke M (2019). Form and force closure of the sacroiliac joints — principles of pelvic stability. PM&R, 11(Suppl 1), S24–S31.

Knee 5 papers

Evidence on patellofemoral pain, iliotibial band syndrome, and patellar tendinopathy — including CPGs, the ITB compression reframe, and the hip's role in knee loading.

PubMed Fairclough J, Hayashi K, Toumi H et al. (2006). The functional anatomy of the ITB — fat pad compression, not friction. Journal of Anatomy, 208(3), 309–316.
PubMed Powers CM (2010). The influence of abnormal hip mechanics on knee injury — commentary. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 40(2), 42–51.
PubMed Willy RW, Hoglund LT, Barton CJ et al. (2019). Patellofemoral pain — clinical practice guideline. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 49(9), CPG1–CPG95.
PubMed Malliaras P, Cook J, Purdam C, Rio E (2015). Patellar tendinopathy — clinical diagnosis, load management, and advice. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 45(11), 887–898.
PubMed Ming Z, Dong G, Luo L, Yuan L, Li Y (2025). Myofascial release combined with hip strengthening for ITBS — preliminary double-blind RCT. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 90, 103274.

Foot & Ankle 7 papers

Research on plantar fasciopathy, tendinopathy continuum, chronic ankle instability, tibialis posterior tendinopathy, and the kinematic consequences of hallux limitus.

PubMed Stecco C, Corradin M, Macchi V et al. (2013). Plantar fascia anatomy — proprioceptive role and Achilles-plantar coupling. Journal of Anatomy, 223(6), 665–676.
PubMed Cook JL, Purdam CR (2009). Is tendon pathology a continuum? A model to explain the response to load. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(6), 409–416.
PubMed Xue X, Ma T, Li Q, Song Y, Hua Y (2021). Proprioception deficits in chronic ankle instability — systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(6), 649–660.
PubMed Deu RS, Coslick AM, Dreher G (2022). Posterior tibial tendinopathy and related foot tendinopathies. American Family Physician, 106(3), 271–278.
PubMed Kalichman L et al. (2016). Long-term impact of ankle sprains on postural control and fascial densification. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 20(4), 861–866.
PubMed Maceira E, Monteagudo M (2014). Functional hallux limitus and the first ray kinetics. Foot & Ankle Specialist, 7(3), 221–235.
PubMed Viehöfer AF, Vich M, Wirth SH, Espinosa N, Camenzind RS (2019). Mechanical interdependence of Achilles tendon and plantar fascia — cadaveric study. Foot & Ankle International, 40(9), 1036–1044.

Thoracic Spine, Thoracic Outlet & Jaw 8 papers

Research on costotransverse and costovertebral joint pain, thoracic outlet syndrome (neurogenic and vascular), and temporomandibular disorders — including RCT and CPG evidence.

PubMed Arroyo JF, Jolliet P, Junod AF (1992). Costovertebral joint dysfunction — atypical chest pain often misattributed to cardiac causes. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 68(802), 655–659.
PubMed Zaruba RA, Wilson E (2017). Impairment-based physical therapy for costochondritis — retrospective case series. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 12(3), 460–471.
PubMed Watson LA, Pizzari T, Balster S (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome — conservative management masterclass. Manual Therapy, 15(4), 305–314.
PubMed Nito T, Satake H, Tsuchiya M et al. (2025). Scalene triangle anatomy and thoracic outlet risk in 42 cadavers. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 26(1), 189.
PubMed Ahmed AS, Graf AR, Karzon AL et al. (2022). Pectoralis minor syndrome — comprehensive review. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques, 2(3), 227–234.
PubMed Cuenca-Martínez F, Herranz-Gómez A, Madroñero-Miguel B et al. (2020). Cervical spine features in temporomandibular disorders — systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(6), 1641.
PubMed Sekito F, Pintucci M, Pirri C et al. (2022). Fascial Manipulation versus conventional treatment for temporomandibular disorders — RCT. Bioengineering, 9(10), 535.
PubMed Busse JW, Casassus R, Carrasco-Labra A et al. (2023). Chronic temporomandibular pain — BMJ clinical practice guideline. BMJ, 382, e076227.

Sedentary Health 4 papers

Research on the metabolic and musculoskeletal consequences of prolonged sitting — and what actually works to interrupt sedentary behaviour.

PubMed Buffey AJ, Herring MP, Langley CK, Donnelly AE, Carson BP (2022). Interrupting prolonged sitting with standing or walking breaks — systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(8), 1765–1787.
PubMed Gao Y, Deng B, Shao Y et al. (2024). Three-minute sedentary breaks versus a single 30-minute walk — 4-arm crossover RCT. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 34(3), e14583.
PubMed Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW (2025). Overlooked physiological principles in sedentary break interventions. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 16, 1578478.
PubMed Pesola AJ, Pekkonen M, Finni T (2025). Wearable EMG for monitoring and managing sedentary behaviour — perspective. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 53(1), 21–29.

About this library: This page lists peer-reviewed papers cited across the Elevate Health Care website. Each PubMed link opens the abstract directly on the National Library of Medicine website. Inclusion of a paper does not constitute an endorsement of every conclusion drawn by its authors; papers are cited in the context of the specific claims made on our conditions pages and blog posts. This page is updated periodically as new research is indexed.

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